Ph.D from Bhagat Phool Singh Mahila Vishwavidyalaya, Karnal, Haryana, Introduction, Admission, Registration, Eligibility, Duration, Fees, Syllabus 2024

Introduction about Ph.D from Bhagat Phool Singh Mahila Vishwavidyalaya:

Bhagat Phool Singh Mahila Vishwavidyalaya (BPSMV), also known as Meerut University, is a public university located in Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India. The university offers various programs at the undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral levels across different faculties such as arts, science, commerce, education, law, management, agriculture, engineering, and pharmacy.

The university's Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) program is designed to promote research culture and produce high-quality researchers who can contribute significantly to their respective fields. The Ph.D. program is offered in various disciplines including but not limited to Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Botany, Zoology, English, Hindi, Political Science, History, Commerce, Education, Law, Management, Computer Applications, Engineering, and Pharmacy.

To be eligible for admission into the Ph.D. program, candidates must have completed a Master's degree or its equivalent with at least 55% marks (50% for SC/ST/OBC candidates) in the relevant subject. Candidates are required to appear for an entrance test conducted by the university followed by an interview. Shortlisted candidates may also be required to submit a research proposal on a topic related to their field of study.

The duration of the Ph.D. program is typically three years for full-time scholars and five years for part-time scholars. During this period, students are expected to complete coursework, conduct original research, prepare a thesis, and defend it before a panel of experts. Scholars receive guidance and support from experienced faculty members throughout their journey towards obtaining a Ph.D. degree.

Overall, pursuing a Ph.D. from Bhagat Phool Singh Mahila Vishwavidyalaya provides an excellent opportunity for students to gain advanced knowledge and skills in their chosen discipline while contributing to the development of new ideas and solutions through rigorous research.

Fee structure for the Ph.D from Bhagat Phool Singh Mahila Vishwavidyalaya:

Category	Registration Fee (one time)	Tuition Fee per Semester	Total Fees (excluding examination fees)
General/EWS	INR 10,000	INR 26,000	INR 98,000 (3 years x 2 semesters + one-time registration fee)
OBC-NCL	INR 7,500	INR 21,000	INR 87,000 (3 years x 2 semesters + one-time registration fee)
SC/ST/PWD	INR 5,000	INR 14,000	INR 63,000 (3 years x 2 semesters + one-time registration fee)

Admission process for Ph.D from Bhagat Phool Singh Mahila Vishwavidyalaya:

The admission process for the Ph.D. program at University generally involves the following steps:

1. Eligibility Criteria: To be eligible for admission to the Ph.D. program, candidates must have a Master’s degree with a minimum of 55% marks or equivalent grade point average in a relevant discipline. Relaxation of up to 5% marks is provided to reserved categories as per the rules of the Government of India.

2. Application Process: Interested candidates can submit their applications online or offline. The application forms can be downloaded from the official website of or obtained from the Admissions Office. The completed application form must be submitted along with all the necessary documents and the application fee.

3. Entrance Test: All eligible candidates are required to appear for the National Level Test (UGC-NET/JRF/CSIR-NET/DBT-BET/ICMR-JRF) or the Entrance Test conducted by University. The entrance test comprises objective type questions covering the candidate’s subject of interest and general aptitude.

4. Personal Interview: Based on the performance in the written test, selected candidates will be invited for an interview. The interview panel evaluates the candidate’s motivation, communication skills, research interests, and potential for successful completion of the doctoral program.

5. Selection: The final selection is based on the candidate’s overall academic record, performance in the entrance test, and interview. Meritorious candidates securing fellowships from funding agencies like UGC, CSIR, DBT, DST, ICAR, ICMR, etc., are preferred.

6. Document Verification: Selected candidates are required to produce the original certificates and mark sheets at the time of document verification.

7. Provisional Admission: Once the document verification process is completed, candidates are granted provisional admission to the Ph.D. program.

For more information on the admission process, interested candidates can visit the official website of University or contact the Admissions Office.

Documents required for Ph.D from Bhagat Phool Singh Mahila Vishwavidyalaya:

The list of documents required for admission to the Ph.D. program at University may vary slightly, but generally, the following documents are required:

1. Completed application form with recent photograph and signature.

2. Mark sheets and degrees of all qualifying examinations starting from class X onwards.

3. Certificate of proof of date of birth (Matriculation certificate or Birth Certificate issued by competent authority).

4. Valid scorecard of any one of the National Level Tests (UGC-NET/JRF/CSIR-NET/DBT-BET/ICMR-JRF) or the Entrance Test conducted by A P Goyal Shimla University.

5. Caste certificate (if applicable) issued by competent authority.

6. Disability certificate (if applicable) issued by competent authority.

7. Migration certificate from previous university.

8. Experience certificate(s), if applicable.

9. Any other relevant documents supporting the candidature.

It is recommended that candidates keep checking the official website of University for updates on the exact list of documents required for admission. Also, ensure that all the documents are self-attested copies and are presented during the counselling/document verification process.

Ph.D Syllabus of Course work in Bhagat Phool Singh Mahila Vishwavidyalaya:

PAPER NAME	MAX. MARKS
Research Methodology	100
Computer Applications	100
Advanced Computer Application	100
Review Writing & Seminar on the Published Research Work in the Relevant Field	50+50=100
TOTAL MARKS	300

Research Methodology:

Unit-I Introduction

Meaning, Concept, Nature, Steps, Types and Characteristics of research. Scientific Inquiry, Philosophical and Sociological foundations of research Interdisciplinary approach and its implications in various research area.

Unit-II Methods of Research

Qualitative and quantitative methods of research like Historical, case study, ethnography, exposit facto, documentary and content analysis, survey (Normative, descriptive, evaluative etc.) field and laboratory experimental studies. Characteristics of methods and their implications in research area.

Unit-III Development of research proposal

Research proposal and its elements, Formulation of research problem-criteria of sources and definition Development of objectives and characteristics of objectives. Development hypotheses and applications.

Unit-IV Methods of data collection

Concept of sampling and other concepts related to sampling. Probability and non-probability samples, their characteristics and implications. Tools of data collections, their types, attributes and uses. Redesigning, research tools-like, questionnaire, opinionnaire, observation, interviews, scales and tests etc.

Unit-V Methods of data analysis

Analysis of qualitative data based on various tools. Analysis of quantitative data and it presentation with tables, graphs etc. Statistical tools and techniques of data analysis-measures of central tendency, dispersion.

Decision making with hypothesis testing through parametric and non-parametric tests. Validity and delimitations of research findings.

Unit-VI Report writing and evaluations

Principles of report writing and guide lines according to style manuals. Writing and presentation of preliminary, main body and reference section of report. Picture and Graphs. Introduction to SPSS. Evaluation of research report.

References:

1. Wilkinson & Bhandarkar: Methodology and Techniques of Social Research.
2. Pauline Vyoung: Scientific Social Surveys and Research.
3. Panneerselvam,R., Research Methodology, Prentice Hall Of India,New Delhi,2004
4. Kothari: Research Methodology.
5. Festinger. L & D. Katz: Research Methods in Behavioral Science.
6. Sellitz, Et Al: Research Methods in Social Relations

(For Non Computer Background)

Computer Application

Unit 1: Basics of Computer

Characteristics of Computers, Evolution of computers, computer memory, computer generations, Basic computer organization; System software, Application software, introduction to operating system, single user, multi-user, multi-tasking single tasking, application of computer for business and research, MS-windows, Linux.

Unit 2: Data Communication and Networks

Data communication concepts, local area network, wide area network, internet, intranet, extranet, website. E-mail, search engines-enterprise E-communication and E-collaboration

Unit 3: Using Internet for Research

The Internet: quick look, what is internet, Use of Internet, major internet services, electronic mail, www, downloading super tools for better computing Internet and the society, Use of E-Journals, Use of E-library, searching the keyword search engines, News and multimedia, governments, archives and statistics.

Unit 4: Introduction to Research Related Software’s

Introduction to Data analysis software-SPSS: Definition, objectives and features, data analysis using SPSS: Data entry creating variables, switching to data labels, data analysis: Frequencies, recording into different variables, cross tabulations and layers. Core calculation software, developing utility programs for research, Introduction to C programming.

Unit 5: Research Related Tools and Utilities

MS-Office and its application, File handing in window, various versions of MS- Office, Research publishing tool- MS-Word, Adobe acrobat, Graphics tool- MS- Excel, MS-Power Point: Creating presentations and adding effects, Subject/field specific tools.

(For the students in Engineering & Computer background)

Advanced Computer Application

Unit 1: Basics of Computer Organization

System software compilation and interpretation, phases of compilation process, Lexical analysis, Lex packages on Linux system, Parsing Techniques, code generation and optimization. Application software, software development models, requirement analysis and specification for software design, Programming techniques and tools, software validation and quality assurance techniques, software maintenances and advance concepts, software management. Operating system, functions of OS. Multiprogramming, multiprocessing and multitasking, memory management, Concurrent programming. Scheduling, study of Linux operating system.

Unit 2: Data Communication and Networks

Data communication concepts, local area network, wide area network, internet, intranet, extranet, website. E-mail, search engines-enterprise E-communication and E-collaboration

Unit 3: Working with Internet

Introduction to internet, INFLIBNET, sights (DOAJ), searching on the internet, using graphics on internet, E-mail. The use of multimedia on the internet, Security on the internet, exploring e-mail facilities. Web design, creating web pages, themes and graphics, linking web pages, Navigation and testing, Making the website interactive, Internet and the society, study of search engines, Use of EBSCO HOST online database of Academic Libraries.

Unit 4: Programming Fundamentals

Object oriented programming concepts, Classes, Objects, Installations, Inheritance, Polymorphism and Overloading, Elements of C++ tokens, identifiers, variables and constants, Data types, Operators, Control statements, Function parameter passing. Class and objects, Constructors and destructors, overloading inheritance templates, exception handling Relational database design and SQL: E-R diagrams, transformation and normalization, SQL, DDL, DML, DCL command database objects.

Unit 5: Research Related Tools and Utilities

MS-Office and its application, File handing in window, various versions of MS- Office, Research publishing tool- MS-word, Adobe acrobat, Graphics tool- MS- excel. MS-Power Point: Creating presentations and adding effects. Subject/Field specific tools.

REVIEW WRITING & SEMINAR ON THE PUBLISHED RESEARCH WORK IN THE RELEVANT FIELD

Each student will submit a review report on any general topic of subject or area of interest in subject which will carry 50 marks and student will also give a presentation/seminar of the same which will also carry 50 marks.

Eligibility for Ph.D from Bhagat Phool Singh Mahila Vishwavidyalaya:

The eligibility criteria for the Ph.D. program at Bhagat Phool Singh Mahila Vishwavidyalaya (BPSMV) are as follows:

1. A candidate should have a master's degree or its equivalent in the relevant subject from a recognized university with a minimum of 55% marks (50% for SC/ST/OBC candidates).
2. Candidates appearing in the final year of their master's degree examinations are also eligible to apply, provided they furnish proof of having passed the qualifying exam with the requisite percentage of marks within two months after the date of publication of results.
3. Candidates who have qualified for JRF/NET/SLET/GATE/Teachers Fellowship/M.Phil./PGINSA/ICAR/CSIR or any other national level examination are exempted from appearing in the entrance test conducted by the university. However, they need to fulfill all other eligibility conditions.
4. Admission to the Ph.D. program shall be made on the basis of written entrance test and personal interview conducted by the university. The weightage given to the entrance test and personal interview may vary depending upon the guidelines issued by the university from time to time.
5. In case of non-availability of sufficient number of candidates possessing M.Phil. degree or those who have cleared JRF/NET/SLET/GATE/Teachers Fellowship/M.Phil./PGINSA/ICAR/CSIR or any other national level examination, then direct admission to the Ph.D. program may be granted to candidates having a master's degree with a minimum of 55% marks (50% for SC/ST/OBC candidates) through the entrance test and personal interview conducted by the university.

It is important to note that the eligibility criteria may vary slightly depending upon the specific requirements of each department, so it is always advisable to check the latest notification issued by the university for the updated information.

Bhagat Phool Singh Mahila Vishwavidyalaya in Karnal, Haryana Highlights:

Sl. No.	Feature	Description
1	Establishment	BPSMV was established in the year 2006 by the Government of Haryana.
2	Location	The university is located in Khanpur Kalan village, near Karnal city in Haryana state.
3	Name	It is named after Bhagat Phool Singh, a renowned social reformer and freedom fighter from Haryana.
4	Type	BPSMV is a women's university, dedicated to providing higher education opportunities for women.
5	Affiliation	The university is affiliated with UGC and NAAC.
6	Courses offered	BPSMV offers various undergraduate, postgraduate, and research programs in fields such as Arts, Science, Commerce, Management, Education, Law, Engineering, and Pharmacy.
7	Campus	The university has a sprawling campus spread over an area of more than 300 acres, equipped with modern facilities like hostels, libraries, laboratories, sports complexes, and seminar halls.
8	Faculty	BPSMV has highly qualified and experienced faculty members who are experts in their respective fields.
9	Collaborations	The university has collaborations with various national and international institutions and organizations for academic and research purposes.
10	Scholarships	BPSMV provides scholarships and financial assistance to meritorious students belonging to economically weaker sections of society.
11	Placements	The university has a dedicated placement cell that facilitates job placements for its students in reputed companies and organizations.
12	Research	BPSMV encourages and supports research activities in various disciplines through funding, infrastructure, and other resources.
13	Extension Activities	The university undertakes various extension activities such as community development programs, awareness campaigns, and rural upliftment initiatives.

How to apply for Ph.D from Bhagat Phool Singh Mahila Vishwavidyalaya:

To apply for the Ph.D. program at University, follow the steps outlined below:

Step 1: Visit the Official Website

Visit the official website of University and navigate to the “Admissions” section. Look for the link to the Ph.D. program and click on it.

Step 2: Read the Instructions Carefully

Read the instructions carefully before filling out the application form. Make sure you meet the eligibility criteria before proceeding.

Step 3: Fill Out the Online Application Form

Fill out the online application form accurately and completely. You will be asked to enter your personal details, educational background, work experience, and other relevant information. Be prepared to upload scanned copies of your photograph, identity proof, and academic transcripts.

Step 4: Pay the Application Fee

Pay the application fee through the payment gateway provided on the website. Keep the transaction ID as proof of payment. The application fee amount may vary every year, so confirm the current fee on the official website.

Step 5: Submit the Application Form

After double-checking all the entered data and attachments, submit the application form. Take a printout of the confirmation page and the application form for future reference.

Step 6: Wait for the Entrance Exam Date and Time

Once your application is processed and accepted, you will receive an email notification containing the date, time, and venue of the entrance exam. Ensure you reach the venue on time and bring all necessary documents, including photo identification.

Step 7: Appear for the Entrance Exam

Appear for the entrance exam and perform to the best of your abilities. Your performance in the entrance exam will play a crucial role in determining whether you get admitted to the Ph.D. program.

Step 8: Attend the Counselling Session

If you qualify in the entrance exam, attend the counselling session, where you will be interviewed and asked about your research interests. Depending on your performance in the interview and entrance exam, you may be offered admission to the Ph.D. program.

Step 9: Accept the Offer Letter

If you are offered admission, accept the offer letter promptly and make the required initial deposit to secure your seat in the program. Follow the enrolment procedures outlined in the offer letter, including submitting original documents and paying the remaining fees.

These are the standard steps involved in applying for the Ph.D. program at University. However, it is always a good idea to check the official website for the most up-to-date information on the application process, deadlines, and fees. Good luck with your application!

Courses after Ph.D from Bhagat Phool Singh Mahila Vishwavidyalaya:

After completing a Ph.D. program from University or any other reputable institution, there are numerous career paths and opportunities available to you. Some popular options include:

1. Academic Positions: With a Ph.D. degree, you can pursue a career in higher education as a professor, associate professor, assistant professor, or dean in top universities or research institutions. In addition to teaching responsibilities, you will be expected to publish research papers and guide graduate students in their research projects.

2. Industry Roles: Many companies value Ph.D. holders for their analytical thinking, problem-solving skills, and deep understanding of a particular domain. Therefore, you can explore roles such as senior manager, director, consultant, or head of department in various industries, including IT, healthcare, finance, manufacturing, and consulting firms.

3. Entrepreneurship: Starting your own venture or start up is another exciting option post-Ph.D. Leveraging your research insights, networking skills, and entrepreneurial mind-set, you can build innovative products, services, or technologies that address real-world problems and challenges.

4. Postdoctoral Fellowships: Postdoctoral fellowships are temporary research positions aimed at helping new PhD holders gain additional training, skills, and publications needed to become competitive for tenure-track faculty positions. There are many postdoc opportunities available globally in prestigious universities, research centres, and think tanks.

5. Policy Making and Advocacy: With a Ph.D. degree, you can influence public policy by working as a research analyst, policy maker, lobbyist, or advocate in government agencies, regulatory bodies, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs).

6. Research Institutions: Joining a research organization or laboratory focused on your domain expertise is another excellent opportunity post-Ph.D. Such institutions often engage in cutting-edge research and innovation, leading to breakthrough discoveries and inventions.

7. Think Tanks: Working at a think tank allows you to leverage your research skills to analyse complex issues, generate ideas, and propose solutions for policymakers, businesses, and society at large.

8. Editing and Publishing: With a strong command of writing, editing, and publishing skills, you can consider editorial or publishing roles in scientific journals, magazines, newspapers, or book publishers.

9. Grant Writing: Non-profits, universities, hospitals, and other organizations rely on grants to fund their operations, research, and programming activities. By leveraging your research skills and grant writing techniques, you can assist such organizations in obtaining financial aid and resources.

In conclusion, a Ph.D. degree opens up countless possibilities across academia, industry, and government sectors. By identifying your strengths, passion, and long-term goals, you can choose the right path that aligns with your aspirations and vision.

Job profile after Ph.D from Bhagat Phool Singh Mahila Vishwavidyalaya:

After earning a Ph.D. degree from University or any other reputable institution, there are several job profiles available depending on your interests, skill sets, and professional goals. Some common job profiles include:

1. Professor/Assistant Professor/Associate Professor: Higher education institutions hire Ph.D. holders as professors or researchers. Professors teach classes, design curricula, mentor students, advise student groups, serve on committees, write letters of recommendation, and engage in scholarly activity such as conducting research, presenting findings at conferences, and publishing articles in peer-reviewed journals.

2. Scientific Researcher: Research institutions, corporations, and government entities employ Ph.D. graduates to work on advanced research projects. Research scientists design experiments, collect data, analyse results, present findings, and publish reports. They also develop new methodologies, tools, and software to solve technical challenges.

3. Consultant: Organizations hire consultants to provide expert advice on strategic planning, project implementation, operational efficiency, market analysis, technology assessment, and organizational transformation. As a consultant, you might work independently or as part of a consulting firm.

4. Project Manager: Project managers lead cross-functional teams responsible for delivering projects on schedule and within budget constraints. They plan projects, allocate tasks, manage timelines, monitor progress, mitigate risks, communicate effectively, and report status to stakeholders.

5. Product Developer: Companies developing high-tech products or platforms hire Ph.D. graduates to drive product strategy, user experience design, feature prioritization, prototyping, testing, and launch. As a product developer, you might collaborate closely with engineers, designers, and sales personnel.

6. Technical Writer: Technical writers create documentation such as manuals, guides, whitepapers, FAQs, and release notes for hardware and software products. They translate technical jargon into accessible content for end users, developers, and internal audiences.

7. Business Analyst: Business analysts gather and interpret data to identify trends, patterns, and relationships that inform decision-making processes. They use statistical modelling, machine learning algorithms, and visualization tools to derive insights and recommendations.

8. Intellectual Property Attorney: IP attorneys protect patents, trademarks, copyrights, trade secrets, and licenses for clients ranging from start-ups to multinational corporations. They draft legal agreements, negotiate contracts, and represent clients in court proceedings.

9. Science Journalist: Science journalists cover news stories related to science, technology, health, environment, and mathematics. They interview experts, synthesize complex concepts, and convey accurate information to lay readers via blogs, podcasts, videos, and traditional media channels.

10. Public Speaker/Educator: Ph.D. holders can share their expertise with broad audiences as motivational speakers, trainers, coaches, and educators. They deliver keynote speeches, facilitate workshops, and host webinars for professionals seeking to expand their knowledge base.

Remember that these are just examples of possible job titles after earning a Ph.D. degree. Actual job titles and descriptions may vary widely according to individual circumstances, employer preferences, and evolving market conditions. Ultimately, your success depends on your ability to articulate your unique selling points, network extensively, and demonstrate continuous growth throughout your career journey.

Scholarship available for the Bhagat Phool Singh Mahila Vishwavidyalaya:

University may offer scholarships for Ph.D. students based on merit and need. Typically, scholarship availability, eligibility criteria, and award amounts vary annually. Therefore, it is essential to review the most recent information published on the university's website or contact the administration for current scholarship opportunities.

Types of Scholarships Available:

1. Merit-Based Scholarships

Merit-based scholarships are awarded to students demonstrating exceptional academic achievement, creativity, or leadership qualities. Recipients usually maintain a certain GPA, participate in extracurricular activities, and exhibit outstanding character traits.

2. Need-Based Scholarships

Need-based scholarships are awarded to students experiencing financial hardship or unable to afford tuition without assistance. Financial need is determined by assessing family income, assets, and other relevant factors.

3. Research Grants

Research grants are funded by government agencies, charitable foundations, or corporations, enabling students to undertake significant research projects aligned with sponsor priorities.

4. Conference Travel Awards

Conference travel awards are provided by academic associations, societies, or foundations, subsidizing attendance at regional, national, or international conferences to promote intellectual exchange, collaboration, and dissemination of research outcomes.

5. Fellowships

Fellowships are often targeted toward early-career researchers, offering stipends, allowances, or salary supplements to advance their studies or professional practice. Examples include postdoctoral fellowships, summer research fellowships, and visiting fellowships.

Exploring Scholarship Opportunities:

When searching for scholarships, consider exploring both institutional sources (such as University) and external funding organizations. Remember to read scholarship guidelines carefully, adhere to application deadlines, and tailor proposals to showcase your unique talents and contributions. Finally, seek feedback from trusted advisors, colleagues, or mentors to strengthen your chances of receiving funding.

Ph.D from Bhagat Phool Singh Mahila Vishwavidyalaya, FAQ’s:

Q: What is the duration of the Ph.D. program at BPSMV?
A: The duration of the Ph.D. program at BPSMV is three years for full-time scholars and five years for part-time scholars.

Q: Is there an age limit for applying to the Ph.D. program at BPSMV?
A: No, there is no upper age limit for applying to the Ph.D. program at BPSMV.

Q: How can I apply for the Ph.D. program at BPSMV?
A: You can apply online by visiting the official website of BPSMV during the specified application window. After filling out the online application form, you will need to pay the application fee and upload scanned copies of your documents.

Q: Is there an entrance test for the Ph.D. program at BPSMV?
A: Yes, there is an entrance test for the Ph.D. program at BPSMV, except for candidates who have qualified for JRF/NET/SLET/GATE/Teachers Fellowship/M.Phil./PGINSA/ICAR/CSIR or any other national level examination.

Q: What is the syllabus for the Ph.D. entrance test at BPSMV?
A: The syllabus for the Ph.D. entrance test varies depending upon the subject area you are applying for. You can download the detailed syllabus from the official website of BPSMV.

Q: How many seats are available for the Ph.D. program at BPSMV?
A: The number of seats available for the Ph.D. program at BPSMV may vary from year to year and depends upon the availability of resources and infrastructure. You can check the official website of BPSMV for the latest updates on seat availability.

Q: Can I pursue my Ph.D. program at BPSMV on a part-time basis?
A: Yes, BPSMV offers a part-time Ph.D. program for working professionals and others who are unable to commit to a full-time schedule. Part-time scholars are allowed five years to complete their Ph.D. program.

Q: Are there any scholarships or financial assistance schemes available for Ph.D. students at BPSMV?
A: Yes, BPSMV offers several scholarship and financial assistance schemes for meritorious students, including fellowships, stipends, and contingency grants. You can check the official website of BPSMV for more details.

Conclusion:

To conclude, Bhagat Phool Singh Mahila Vishwavidyalaya is a well-established institution offering quality higher education to women in particular and society at large. Its Ph.D. program aims to foster academic excellence, innovation, creativity, critical thinking, and research capabilities among its students. With highly qualified faculty members, state-of-the-art facilities, and conducive learning environment, BPSMV provides ample opportunities for Ph.D. aspirants to explore and expand their horizons. Moreover, the flexible fee structure, easy application process, and multiple specializations make it accessible and attractive to students from diverse backgrounds. Overall, pursuing a Ph.D. from BPSMV could be a rewarding experience, both academically and professionally, enabling individuals to become leaders and agents of positive change in their chosen domains.