Introduction about Ph.D. (Veterinary Surgery & Radiology)

A Ph.D. in Veterinary Surgery and Radiology is a specialized doctoral program that focuses on advanced research and expertise in the fields of veterinary surgery and radiology. This program is designed for individuals who aspire to become experts in surgical procedures and diagnostic imaging techniques as they relate to animal health and welfare.

Veterinary surgery is a critical aspect of veterinary medicine, involving the diagnosis and treatment of injuries, diseases, and conditions in animals through surgical procedures. Radiology, on the other hand, involves the use of imaging technologies like X-rays, ultrasound, and MRI to diagnose and monitor various health issues in animals. A Ph.D. in Veterinary Surgery and Radiology combines these two disciplines to produce professionals who are skilled in both surgical techniques and the use of advanced imaging for the benefit of animal health.

Students pursuing a Ph.D. in this field engage in in-depth research, contribute to the advancement of veterinary surgical and radiological practices, and are prepared to address complex cases and challenges in veterinary medicine. This program opens doors to careers in academia, research, clinical practice, and veterinary education, enabling graduates to make significant contributions to the health and well-being of animals.

 

How can I apply for admission to PH.D. (VETERINARY SURGERY & RADIOLOGY) Program

To apply for admission to a Ph.D. program in Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, you will need to follow a specific application process. The exact steps and requirements may vary depending on the university or institution offering the program, so it's essential to carefully review the admission guidelines provided by the specific institution of your choice. However, here are the general steps to apply for a Ph.D. in Veterinary Surgery and Radiology:

Research Programs and Universities:

Begin by researching universities and institutions that offer Ph.D. programs in Veterinary Surgery and Radiology. Look for programs that align with your research interests and career goals.

Meet Admission Requirements:

Review the admission requirements and prerequisites for the program. Typically, you will need a relevant master's degree in veterinary science, surgery, radiology, or a related field. Ensure that you meet the minimum GPA and any language proficiency requirements (if applicable).

Identify Research Interests:

Clearly define your research interests within the field of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology. A well-defined research proposal is often a crucial part of the application.

Contact Potential Advisors:

Reach out to potential Ph.D. advisors or professors in the program. Establish contact and discuss your research interests. It's essential to find an advisor who can supervise your research.

Prepare Application Documents:

Collect the required application documents, which typically include:

Application form: Complete the university's or department's application form.

Transcripts: Provide official transcripts of your academic records, including your master's degree.

Letters of Recommendation: Secure strong letters of recommendation from professors or professionals who can attest to your academic and research abilities.

Statement of Purpose: Write a compelling statement of purpose outlining your research interests, career goals, and reasons for pursuing a Ph.D. in Veterinary Surgery and Radiology.

Curriculum Vitae (CV) or Resume: Detail your academic and research experiences, publications, and relevant achievements.

Research Proposal: Develop a clear and detailed research proposal that outlines your research objectives, methodology, and expected contributions to the field.

Standardized Tests: Some institutions may require GRE (Graduate Record Examination) or other standardized test scores, while others may not.

Application Fee:

Pay the required application fee, which covers the processing of your application.

Submit Your Application:

Submit your application and all required documents by the specified deadline. Many universities offer online application systems for your convenience.

Interview (if required):

Some programs may require an interview as part of the selection process. Be prepared to discuss your research interests and motivations.

Wait for Admission Decision:

After submitting your application, await the admission decision. The timeline for decisions may vary, but you will typically receive notification from the university.

Acceptance and Enrollment:

If you receive an offer of admission, review the terms and conditions, and follow the enrollment instructions provided by the university.

It's important to note that competition for Ph.D. programs can be intense, so ensure that your application materials are strong, and align your research interests with the program's offerings. Additionally, consider exploring funding opportunities such as scholarships, assistantships, or grants to support your studies.

 

What is the eligibility for PH.D. (VETERINARY SURGERY & RADIOLOGY)

The eligibility criteria for a Ph.D. in Veterinary Surgery and Radiology typically include the following requirements, though specific details may vary by institution:

Educational Background:

A relevant master's degree in veterinary science, veterinary surgery, radiology, or a closely related field is usually required. The master's degree program should be recognized and accredited.

Academic Records:

You should have a strong academic record, often with a minimum Grade Point Average (GPA) requirement. The specific GPA requirement may vary by institution, but a competitive GPA is typically expected.

Language Proficiency:

Proficiency in the language of instruction is essential, especially if the program is taught in a language other than your native language. You may need to provide evidence of language proficiency through standardized tests like the TOEFL or IELTS, particularly if you are an international student.

Letters of Recommendation:

Most Ph.D. programs require letters of recommendation from professors, mentors, or professionals who can assess your academic and research potential. Typically, you need at least two or three strong letters of recommendation.

Statement of Purpose:

You will need to submit a well-written statement of purpose that outlines your research interests, career goals, and reasons for pursuing a Ph.D. in Veterinary Surgery and Radiology. This document helps admissions committees understand your motivations and alignment with the program.

Research Proposal:

A detailed research proposal is often a critical component of your application. Your proposal should articulate your research objectives, methodology, and expected contributions to the field.

GRE Scores (if required):

Some institutions and programs may require GRE (Graduate Record Examination) scores. Be sure to check whether this test is necessary for your application and provide scores accordingly.

Interview (if required):

Some programs may conduct interviews as part of the selection process. Be prepared to discuss your research interests and motivations.

Application Fee:

There is typically an application fee associated with submitting your application. Ensure that you pay this fee as part of the application process.

It's important to note that eligibility criteria can vary among universities and institutions. Therefore, it's crucial to carefully review the specific requirements outlined by the program to which you intend to apply. Additionally, reaching out to potential advisors or program coordinators for guidance can be beneficial in ensuring that you meet all necessary eligibility criteria and increase your chances of admission.

 

How long does it takes to complete a PH.D. (VETERINARY SURGERY & RADIOLOGY) program

The duration of a Ph.D. program in Veterinary Surgery and Radiology typically varies depending on several factors, including the institution, the specific program's structure, and the pace of your research progress. However, a rough estimate for the duration of a Ph.D. program in this field is as follows:

Full-Time Program: A full-time Ph.D. program in Veterinary Surgery and Radiology usually takes around 3 to 6 years to complete. The first few years are dedicated to coursework, comprehensive exams, and proposal development, followed by the research and dissertation phase.

Part-Time Program: Part-time Ph.D. programs may take longer, often spanning 6 to 8 years or more. These programs are designed to accommodate students who are working or have other commitments alongside their studies.

Here are some factors that can influence the length of your Ph.D. journey:

Research Complexity: The complexity of your research and the scope of your dissertation can significantly impact the time required for completion. Complex projects may take longer to execute.

Proposal Development: The time it takes to develop a research proposal and gain approval can vary. Some students may require more time to refine their research questions and methods.

Research Progress: The pace at which you collect and analyze data, conduct experiments, and achieve research milestones will determine how quickly you can complete your dissertation.

Program Requirements: Some programs have specific course requirements, comprehensive exams, and other prerequisites that can affect the overall program length.

Advisor and Committee Support: Effective communication and collaboration with your advisor and dissertation committee can help streamline your progress.

External Factors: Personal commitments, employment, and unforeseen circumstances can also influence the duration of your program.

It's important to consult with your program advisor or coordinator to gain a better understanding of the specific timeline and requirements for your chosen Ph.D. program in Veterinary Surgery and Radiology. Additionally, having a well-defined research proposal and staying committed to your research objectives can help you progress efficiently through the program.

 

What are potential career opportunities after PH.D. (VETERINARY SURGERY & RADIOLOGY)

After earning a Ph.D. in Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, graduates have a wide range of career opportunities in the field of veterinary medicine, research, and academia. These career options often allow Ph.D. holders to contribute significantly to animal health, welfare, and the advancement of veterinary science. Some potential career opportunities include:

University Professor: Ph.D. graduates can pursue academic careers as professors or lecturers in veterinary schools or universities. They teach veterinary surgery and radiology, conduct research, and mentor students.

Veterinary Surgeon: Graduates can work as board-certified veterinary surgeons, performing surgical procedures on animals in clinical or hospital settings. They may also work in private practice or specialized surgical centers.

Veterinary Radiologist: As board-certified veterinary radiologists, they focus on diagnostic imaging and interpreting medical images such as X-rays, ultrasounds, and MRIs. They can work in hospitals or diagnostic imaging facilities.

Research Scientist: Ph.D. holders often engage in research positions at universities, research institutions, or pharmaceutical companies. They contribute to advancements in veterinary medicine, surgical techniques, and imaging technology.

Clinical Researcher: Clinical researchers conduct research with a focus on improving clinical practices, treatments, and surgical procedures in veterinary medicine. They may work in academic institutions, research centers, or private industry.

Government Veterinarian: Graduates can work for government agencies responsible for animal health and welfare, such as the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) or the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). They may be involved in regulatory roles, disease control, or policy development.

Consultant or Specialist: Some Ph.D. holders become consultants or specialists in veterinary surgery and radiology, providing expertise and guidance to other veterinarians, clinics, or hospitals.

Zoo Veterinarian: Graduates can work in zoos, wildlife rehabilitation centers, or conservation organizations, providing specialized veterinary care to exotic and wild animals. This often involves surgical and radiological interventions.

Nonprofit and Animal Welfare Organizations: Ph.D. holders may work for animal welfare organizations, shelters, and rescue groups. They may contribute to the surgical and radiological needs of animals in these organizations.

Industry Roles: Some graduates enter the animal health industry, working for pharmaceutical companies, medical device manufacturers, or companies involved in the development of veterinary surgical and radiological equipment.

Teaching Hospitals: Ph.D. graduates may work in teaching hospitals affiliated with veterinary schools, where they engage in clinical practice, teaching, and research.

Continuing Education and Professional Development: They can develop and teach continuing education courses and workshops for practicing veterinarians, helping them stay updated on the latest surgical and radiological techniques.

It's important to note that obtaining board certification in veterinary surgery and radiology may be necessary for some career paths, and this typically involves completing additional training and examinations. The choice of career depends on individual interests, expertise, and the specific focus of the Ph.D. research. Veterinary surgery and radiology Ph.D. graduates play a crucial role in advancing veterinary care, research, and education, and they are well-positioned to make significant contributions to the field.

 

Syllabus of PH.D. (VETERINARY SURGERY & RADIOLOGY) semester wise 

The syllabus of a Ph.D. program in Veterinary Surgery and Radiology can vary by institution and may be structured differently. However, I can provide a general outline of the topics and areas of study that students may encounter in a typical Ph.D. program in Veterinary Surgery and Radiology. Please note that this is a broad overview, and specific courses and research requirements may differ. The program usually includes both coursework and research components:

Semester 1 and 2:

Advanced Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology:

In-depth study of anatomical structures and physiological systems in various animal species, including domestic and exotic animals.

Advanced Veterinary Radiology:

Advanced principles of diagnostic imaging, including radiography, ultrasonography, MRI, and CT scanning in veterinary practice.

Advanced Veterinary Surgery Techniques:

Comprehensive review of surgical techniques, wound management, and post-operative care for a wide range of surgical procedures.

Research Methodology and Proposal Development:

Introduction to research methods, study design, and proposal development for the Ph.D. research project.

Semester 3 and 4:

Surgical Specialization:

In-depth study and practical training in a specific area of surgical specialization, which may include orthopedics, soft tissue surgery, neurosurgery, or minimally invasive surgery.

Veterinary Anesthesia and Pain Management:

Study of anesthesia protocols, pain management techniques, and monitoring during surgical procedures.

Advanced Diagnostic Imaging Interpretation:

Advanced radiological interpretation and diagnostic skills, with a focus on clinical cases.

Literature Review and Seminar Series:

Students may participate in literature reviews, seminars, and discussions on current research in veterinary surgery and radiology.

Semester 5 and 6:

Clinical Case Management:

In-depth case management, problem-solving, and decision-making in clinical veterinary surgery and radiology cases.

Advanced Surgical Oncology:

Study of surgical approaches to the management of cancer in animals, including tumor excision and treatment strategies.

Advanced Orthopedics:

Specialized training in orthopedic surgical techniques, including fracture repair, joint surgery, and musculoskeletal procedures.

Research Dissertation:

Students begin their independent research projects, culminating in a dissertation that contributes to the field of veterinary surgery and radiology.

Semester 7 and 8:

Dissertation Completion:

Students continue their research, data collection, analysis, and dissertation writing, with guidance and support from faculty advisors.

Research Defense:

Students defend their research findings and dissertation in front of a committee of experts.

Publication and Dissemination:

Preparing research findings for publication in academic journals and sharing knowledge through presentations at conferences and seminars.

This is a general overview of the syllabus for a Ph.D. program in Veterinary Surgery and Radiology. The actual courses and the specific sequence may vary by university and program. Additionally, the program heavily emphasizes research, and students are expected to make significant contributions to the field through their dissertation research.

 

Internship opportunities after completing PH.D. (VETERINARY SURGERY & RADIOLOGY)

After completing a Ph.D. in Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, graduates have various opportunities for internships and practical experience in their field. These internships can be valuable for gaining additional hands-on training, expanding expertise, and enhancing career prospects. Here are some internship opportunities to consider:

Postdoctoral Research Fellowships: Many universities and research institutions offer postdoctoral research positions. These fellowships allow Ph.D. graduates to continue their research, collaborate on projects, and publish their work in academic journals.

Clinical Internships: Some veterinary schools and teaching hospitals offer clinical internships in veterinary surgery and radiology. These programs provide additional clinical experience and may lead to board certification in the respective field.

Residency Programs: Board-certified veterinary surgery and radiology specialists often oversee residency programs. Completing a residency is essential for those aiming to become specialists in the field. These programs provide extensive training and caseload experience.

Teaching Assistantships: Graduates may have the opportunity to work as teaching assistants or lecturers in veterinary schools. This role involves assisting professors in teaching, mentoring students, and participating in research.

Industry and Private Practice Internships: Some pharmaceutical companies, medical device manufacturers, and private veterinary practices offer internships for Ph.D. graduates. These opportunities may involve research and development of veterinary products or clinical practice.

Zoo and Wildlife Medicine Internships: Graduates interested in working with exotic or wildlife animals can seek internships at zoos, aquariums, wildlife rehabilitation centers, or conservation organizations. These internships offer a unique perspective on veterinary care for non-domestic species.

Government Internships: Government agencies, such as the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) or the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), may offer internships in regulatory roles, disease control, and policy development related to veterinary medicine.

Animal Welfare and Nonprofit Organizations: Graduates may find internships in animal welfare organizations, shelters, and rescue groups. These internships focus on providing veterinary care to animals in need and contributing to animal welfare initiatives.

Diagnostic Imaging Centers: Diagnostic imaging centers, both private and affiliated with universities, often offer internships for further training in advanced diagnostic imaging techniques.

Clinical Research Internships: Some research organizations conduct clinical trials in veterinary surgery and radiology. Graduates can participate in these research projects as interns.

To find relevant internship opportunities, graduates should network with professors, mentors, and professionals in the field, and explore opportunities offered by veterinary schools, research institutions, industry partners, and organizations involved in animal health and welfare. Internships can serve as stepping stones to more advanced careers in veterinary surgery and radiology and provide valuable practical experience to complement academic training.

 

Scholorship and grants for

Scholarships and grants can provide valuable financial support for students pursuing a Ph.D. in Veterinary Surgery and Radiology. These funding opportunities can help cover tuition, research expenses, living costs, and other academic-related expenses. Here are some potential sources of scholarships and grants:

University Scholarships: Many universities offer scholarships for Ph.D. students based on academic merit, research potential, or specific areas of study. These awards may cover tuition or provide stipends.

External Scholarships and Grants: Numerous organizations, both public and private, offer scholarships and grants for graduate students in veterinary medicine and related fields. Examples include the American Veterinary Medical Foundation (AVMF) and the American College of Veterinary Surgeons (ACVS).

Professional Associations: Veterinary associations, such as the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) and the American College of Veterinary Radiology (ACVR), may offer scholarships or grants to students pursuing advanced degrees in the field.

Government Funding: Government agencies, like the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), may provide research grants and fellowships for Ph.D. students conducting research in veterinary medicine.

Industry Partnerships: Pharmaceutical companies, veterinary equipment manufacturers, and other industry partners may offer scholarships or research funding to students working on projects aligned with their interests and objectives.

Endowed Scholarships: Some universities have endowed scholarships specifically for students pursuing Ph.D. degrees. These awards are often based on academic achievement, research potential, or financial need.

Research Assistantships: Ph.D. students may secure research assistant positions that come with stipends and tuition coverage. These positions often involve working on research projects alongside faculty members.

Teaching Assistantships: Some universities provide teaching assistant positions, which can include tuition remission and stipends. Teaching assistants may assist in teaching undergraduate courses.

Diversity and Inclusion Scholarships: Scholarships and grants are available for students from underrepresented backgrounds to promote diversity and inclusion in veterinary fields.

International Scholarships: International students can explore scholarships specific to their home countries or those offered by their host universities to support their studies.

When searching for scholarships and grants, be sure to review the specific eligibility criteria, application deadlines, and application procedures for each funding opportunity. It's important to start your scholarship search early, as some programs have competitive application processes and limited availability.

Additionally, consult with your academic advisors and program coordinators, as they may have information on available funding sources and can guide you in the application process. Tailor your scholarship applications to highlight your research interests and contributions to the field, as this can increase your chances of securing financial support for your Ph.D. studies in Veterinary Surgery and Radiology.

 

Scholorship and grants for PH.D. (VETERINARY SURGERY & RADIOLOGY)

Scholarships and grants are essential sources of financial support for students pursuing a Ph.D. in Veterinary Surgery and Radiology. Here are some potential scholarship and grant opportunities for Ph.D. students in this field:

American Veterinary Medical Foundation (AVMF) Scholarships: AVMF offers several scholarships for veterinary students and those pursuing advanced degrees, including Ph.D. programs. These scholarships are based on various criteria, such as academic achievement, leadership, and financial need.

American College of Veterinary Surgeons (ACVS) Foundation Grants: The ACVS Foundation provides grants to support research and education in the field of veterinary surgery. Ph.D. students conducting research in surgical areas may be eligible for funding.

Morris Animal Foundation Grants: The Morris Animal Foundation offers research grants that support studies related to animal health and welfare. Ph.D. students can apply for grants to fund their research projects.

Veterinary Scholarships from Universities: Many veterinary schools and universities offer scholarships and financial aid to Ph.D. students in veterinary surgery and radiology. These scholarships may cover tuition, living expenses, or research costs.

Government Grants and Fellowships: Government agencies like the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offer research grants and fellowships for students pursuing veterinary research, which may include surgery and radiology studies.

Specialized Professional Associations: Professional associations like the American College of Veterinary Radiology (ACVR) and the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) may offer scholarships and grants to support advanced education and research in veterinary fields.

Private Industry Grants: Pharmaceutical companies, veterinary equipment manufacturers, and other industry partners may provide research funding and grants to students working on projects aligned with their interests and goals.

Endowed Scholarships: Some universities have endowed scholarships established by donors specifically for graduate students. These scholarships are often awarded based on academic merit or research potential.

Diversity and Inclusion Scholarships: Scholarships and grants are available to promote diversity and inclusion in the veterinary profession. These programs aim to support students from underrepresented backgrounds.

Teaching and Research Assistantships: Some Ph.D. students secure assistantship positions that come with stipends and tuition remission. Teaching assistantships may involve assisting in undergraduate courses, while research assistantships focus on research projects.

International Scholarships: International students can explore scholarships specific to their home countries or those offered by their host universities to support their Ph.D. studies.

When applying for scholarships and grants, carefully review the eligibility criteria, application deadlines, and required documentation for each opportunity. It's crucial to tailor your applications to highlight your research interests and contributions to the field, as this can enhance your chances of securing financial support for your Ph.D. studies in Veterinary Surgery and Radiology. Additionally, consult with your academic advisors and program coordinators for guidance on available funding sources.

 

conclusion PH.D. (VETERINARY SURGERY & RADIOLOGY)

In conclusion, a Ph.D. in Veterinary Surgery and Radiology represents a significant commitment to advancing knowledge and expertise in the field of veterinary medicine. This doctoral program equips graduates with the skills and knowledge to excel as practitioners, researchers, and educators in the domain of surgical interventions and diagnostic imaging for animals. Here are the key takeaways:

Expertise in Veterinary Surgery: Ph.D. graduates are well-prepared to perform complex surgical procedures on a wide range of animals, addressing injuries, diseases, and conditions. They are equipped with advanced surgical skills and knowledge of post-operative care.

Diagnostic Imaging Proficiency: Graduates excel in the use of various diagnostic imaging technologies, such as X-rays, ultrasound, MRI, and CT scans, to diagnose and monitor health issues in animals. They can interpret medical images and guide treatment decisions.

Research Contributions: Ph.D. programs emphasize research, and graduates make significant contributions to the field through their independent research projects. Their work often leads to advancements in surgical techniques, diagnostic imaging, and animal health.

Diverse Career Paths: Graduates have a broad spectrum of career opportunities, including academia, clinical practice, research, and specialization in areas like orthopedics, soft tissue surgery, radiology, and oncology.

Scholarships and Grants: Financial support is available through scholarships, grants, and assistantships to help students pursue their Ph.D. studies and research projects.

Internship and Practical Experience: Graduates can further enhance their skills and knowledge through internships, residencies, postdoctoral research, and clinical experiences in diverse settings, including teaching hospitals, private practice, and industry.

Contribution to Animal Health: Ph.D. holders play a pivotal role in advancing the health and welfare of animals. They contribute to clinical practice, research, and education, making a positive impact on the veterinary profession.

The journey to earning a Ph.D. in Veterinary Surgery and Radiology is challenging and rigorous, but the rewards in terms of career opportunities and contributions to the field are substantial. Graduates are poised to make a meaningful difference in the lives of animals and the veterinary community as a whole.

 

FAQ

Certainly! Here are some frequently asked questions (FAQ) related to a Ph.D. in Veterinary Surgery and Radiology:

What is the duration of a Ph.D. program in Veterinary Surgery and Radiology?

The duration of a Ph.D. program in Veterinary Surgery and Radiology typically ranges from 3 to 6 years, depending on the specific program and the pace of research progress.

What are the prerequisites for admission to a Ph.D. program in this field?

Prerequisites often include a relevant master's degree, strong academic records, letters of recommendation, a well-defined research proposal, and, in some cases, GRE scores. Specific requirements may vary by institution.

What career opportunities are available after completing a Ph.D. in Veterinary Surgery and Radiology?

Graduates can pursue careers as university professors, veterinary surgeons, veterinary radiologists, research scientists, clinical researchers, and specialists in surgical and radiological areas. They may also work in government roles, industry, zoos, and wildlife medicine.

How can I fund my Ph.D. studies in Veterinary Surgery and Radiology?

Financial support can be obtained through scholarships, grants, research and teaching assistantships, industry partnerships, and government funding. Many organizations and institutions offer funding opportunities for graduate students.

Are board certifications necessary for career advancement in veterinary surgery and radiology?

Board certifications can be valuable for career advancement, especially for those seeking specialized roles in surgery and radiology. Certification typically requires completing a residency program and passing certification exams.

Can international students pursue a Ph.D. in Veterinary Surgery and Radiology in the United States?

Yes, international students are often welcome to apply for Ph.D. programs in the United States. They may need to meet specific language proficiency requirements and provide appropriate visas.

How can I find internship opportunities in Veterinary Surgery and Radiology after completing my Ph.D.?

Internship opportunities can be found in veterinary schools, teaching hospitals, private practices, research institutions, government agencies, and wildlife organizations. Networking and exploring job boards are effective ways to locate internships.

What role do Ph.D. graduates play in advancing veterinary medicine?

Ph.D. graduates contribute to the advancement of veterinary medicine by conducting research, developing innovative surgical techniques, improving diagnostic imaging methods, and educating future veterinarians.

How can I prepare for a successful Ph.D. application in Veterinary Surgery and Radiology?

To prepare for a successful application, develop a strong research proposal, establish contact with potential advisors, ensure your academic records meet the program's requirements, and secure compelling letters of recommendation.

What are the future trends in Veterinary Surgery and Radiology?

Future trends in the field include the development of minimally invasive surgical techniques, advancements in diagnostic imaging technology, and a growing focus on personalized medicine for animals.

Remember that specific details and requirements may vary depending on the institution and program, so it's essential to consult with your chosen university or institution for the most accurate and up-to-date information regarding Ph.D. programs in Veterinary Surgery and Radiology.